30 KiB
SkywarnPlus: Your Advanced Weather Alert System
SkywarnPlus is a sophisticated software solution that works hand-in-hand with your AllStarLink (Debian) or HAMVOIP (Arch) node to keep you informed and ready for whatever the weather brings. Combining weather data with intuitive features, SkywarnPlus optimizes the efficiency and functionality of your node.
Key Features
-
Seamless Integration: SkywarnPlus operates on a Debian (AllStarLink) or Arch (HAMVOIP) node.
-
Real-Time Weather Alerts: The software checks the NWS CAP v1.2 API for live weather alerts for user-defined areas.
-
Unlimited Area & Node Numbers: Users can define as many areas and local node numbers as desired.
-
Automatic Announcements: Weather alerts, including when all warnings have been cleared, are announced automatically on the node.
-
Tailmessage Creation: The software generates tailmessages for the node to continuously inform listeners about active alerts after the initial broadcast.
-
Dynamic Changes to Node: Courtesy tones and node CW / voice ID automatically change according to user-defined alerts, optimizing communication during severe weather.
-
Human Speech: Announcements are delivered in a natural, human speech for easier understanding.
-
Efficiency & Speed: SkywarnPlus is optimized for speed and efficiency to provide real-time information without delay.
-
Preserves Hardware: SkywarnPlus limits I/O to the physical disk, preventing SD card burnout in Raspberry Pi devices.
-
Remote Control: Functions can be mapped to DTMF commands for remote over-the-air control.
-
Detailed Alert Descriptions: In addition to standard alert announcements, SkywarnPlus includes SkyDescribe, a feature for announcing detailed NWS provided descriptions of alert details.
-
Highly Customizable: SkywarnPlus is extremely customizable, offering advanced filtering parameters to block certain alerts or types of alerts from different functions. Users can even map DTMF macros or shell commands to specified weather alerts, expanding the software's capabilities according to user needs.
-
Pushover Integration: With Pushover integration, SkywarnPlus can send weather alert notifications directly to your phone or other devices.
-
Fault Tolerance: In the event that SkywarnPlus is unable to access the internet for alert updates (during a severe storm), it will continue to function using alert data it has stored from the last successful data update, using the estimated expiration time provided by the NWS to determine when to automatically "clear" alerts. There is no need to worry about your node "locking up" with stale alerts.
Whether you wish to auto-link to a Skywarn net during severe weather, program your node to control an external device like a siren during a tornado warning, or simply want to stay updated on changing weather conditions, SkywarnPlus offers a comprehensive, efficient, and customizable solution for your weather alert needs.
Comprehensive Information
SkywarnPlus supports all 128 alert types included in the NWS v1.2 API.
| 911 Telephone Outage Emergency | Administrative Message | Air Quality Alert |
| Air Stagnation Advisory | Arroyo And Small Stream Flood Advisory | Ashfall Advisory |
| Ashfall Warning | Avalanche Advisory | Avalanche Warning |
| Avalanche Watch | Beach Hazards Statement | Blizzard Warning |
| Blizzard Watch | Blowing Dust Advisory | Blowing Dust Warning |
| Brisk Wind Advisory | Child Abduction Emergency | Civil Danger Warning |
| Civil Emergency Message | Coastal Flood Advisory | Coastal Flood Statement |
| Coastal Flood Warning | Coastal Flood Watch | Dense Fog Advisory |
| Dense Smoke Advisory | Dust Advisory | Dust Storm Warning |
| Earthquake Warning | Evacuation - Immediate | Excessive Heat Warning |
| Excessive Heat Watch | Extreme Cold Warning | Extreme Cold Watch |
| Extreme Fire Danger | Extreme Wind Warning | Fire Warning |
| Fire Weather Watch | Flash Flood Statement | Flash Flood Warning |
| Flash Flood Watch | Flood Advisory | Flood Statement |
| Flood Warning | Flood Watch | Freeze Warning |
| Freeze Watch | Freezing Fog Advisory | Freezing Rain Advisory |
| Freezing Spray Advisory | Frost Advisory | Gale Warning |
| Gale Watch | Hard Freeze Warning | Hard Freeze Watch |
| Hazardous Materials Warning | Hazardous Seas Warning | Hazardous Seas Watch |
| Hazardous Weather Outlook | Heat Advisory | Heavy Freezing Spray Warning |
| Heavy Freezing Spray Watch | High Surf Advisory | High Surf Warning |
| High Wind Warning | High Wind Watch | Hurricane Force Wind Warning |
| Hurricane Force Wind Watch | Hurricane Local Statement | Hurricane Warning |
| Hurricane Watch | Hydrologic Advisory | Hydrologic Outlook |
| Ice Storm Warning | Lake Effect Snow Advisory | Lake Effect Snow Warning |
| Lake Effect Snow Watch | Lake Wind Advisory | Lakeshore Flood Advisory |
| Lakeshore Flood Statement | Lakeshore Flood Warning | Lakeshore Flood Watch |
| Law Enforcement Warning | Local Area Emergency | Low Water Advisory |
| Marine Weather Statement | Nuclear Power Plant Warning | Radiological Hazard Warning |
| Red Flag Warning | Rip Current Statement | Severe Thunderstorm Warning |
| Severe Thunderstorm Watch | Severe Weather Statement | Shelter In Place Warning |
| Short Term Forecast | Small Craft Advisory | Small Craft Advisory For Hazardous Seas |
| Small Craft Advisory For Rough Bar | Small Craft Advisory For Winds | Small Stream Flood Advisory |
| Snow Squall Warning | Special Marine Warning | Special Weather Statement |
| Storm Surge Warning | Storm Surge Watch | Storm Warning |
| Storm Watch | Test | Tornado Warning |
| Tornado Watch | Tropical Depression Local Statement | Tropical Storm Local Statement |
| Tropical Storm Warning | Tropical Storm Watch | Tsunami Advisory |
| Tsunami Warning | Tsunami Watch | Typhoon Local Statement |
| Typhoon Warning | Typhoon Watch | Urban And Small Stream Flood Advisory |
| Volcano Warning | Wind Advisory | Wind Chill Advisory |
| Wind Chill Warning | Wind Chill Watch | Winter Storm Warning |
| Winter Storm Watch | Winter Weather Advisory |
Installation
SkywarnPlus is recommended to be installed at the /usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus location on Debian (AllStarLink) and Arch (HAMVOIP) machines.
Follow the steps below to install:
-
Dependencies
Install the required dependencies using the following commands:
Debian (AllStarLink)
apt install unzip python3 python3-pip ffmpeg pip3 install ruamel.yaml requests python-dateutil pydubArch (HAMVOIP)
It is a good idea to first update your HAMVOIP system using Option 1 in the HAMVOIP menu before installing the dependencies.
pacman -S ffmpeg wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/3.5/get-pip.py python get-pip.py pip install pyyaml requests python-dateutil pydub pip install ruamel.yaml==0.15.100 -
Download SkywarnPlus
Download the latest release of SkywarnPlus from GitHub
cd /usr/local/bin wget https://github.com/Mason10198/SkywarnPlus/releases/latest/download/SkywarnPlus.zip unzip SkywarnPlus.zip rm SkywarnPlus.zip -
Configure Permissions
The scripts must be made executable. Use the chmod command to change the file permissions:
cd SkywarnPlus chmod +x *.py -
Edit Configuration
Edit the config.yaml file according to your needs. This is where you will enter your NWS codes, enable/disable specific functions, etc.
nano config.yamlYou can find your area code(s) at https://alerts.weather.gov/. Select
County Listto the right of your state, and use theCounty Codeassociated with the area(s) you want SkywarnPlus to poll for WX alerts.IMPORTANT: YOU WILL MISS ALERTS IF YOU USE A ZONE CODE. DO NOT USE ZONE CODES UNLESS YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING.
According to the official NWS API documentation:
"For large scale or longer lasting events, such as snow storms, fire threat, or heat events, alerts are issued by NWS public forecast zones or fire weather zones. These zones differ in size and can cross county boundaries."
"...county based alerts are not mapped to zones but zone based alerts are mapped to counties."
This means that if you use a County code, you will receive all alerts for both your County AND your Zone - but if you use a Zone code, you will ONLY receive alerts that cover the entire Zone, and none of the alerts specific to your County.
-
Crontab Entry
Add a crontab entry to call SkywarnPlus on an interval. Open your crontab file using the
crontab -ecommand, and add the following line:* * * * * /usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkywarnPlus.pyThis command will execute SkywarnPlus (poll NWS API for data) every minute.
NOTE:
When SkywarnPlus runs for the first time after installation (and for the first time at each boot), YOU WILL NOT HEAR ANY MESSAGES until alerts are detected. This is by design. SkywarnPlus announces when alerts change from none to some, and it announces when alerts change from some to none. It will announce nothing if the status of alerts does not change (none to none).
If you want to test SkywarnPlus' operation after installation, please see the Testing section of this README.
Tailmessage, Courtesy Tones, & IDs
SkywarnPlus can automatically change and manage tailmessages, courtesy tones, and CW / voice IDs on your node. These functions require specific configurations in the rpt.conf file.
Tailmessage
SkywarnPlus can automatically create, manage, and remove a tailmessage whenever certain weather alerts are active to keep listeners informed throught the duration of active alerts. The configuration for this is based on your rpt.conf file setup. Here's an example:
tailmessagetime = 600000
tailsquashedtime = 30000
tailmessagelist = /tmp/SkywarnPlus/wx-tail
Courtesy Tones
SkywarnPlus can automatically change the node courtesy tone whenever certain weather alerts are active. The configuration for this is based on your rpt.conf file setup. Here's an example:
[NODENUMBER]
unlinkedct = ct1
remotect = ct1
linkunkeyct = ct2
[telemetry]
ct1 = /usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SOUNDS/TONES/CT1
ct2 = /usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SOUNDS/TONES/CT2
remotetx = /usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SOUNDS/TONES/CT1
CW / Voice IDs
SkywarnPlus can automatically change the node ID whenever certain weather alerts are active. This requires creating your own audio files; one for the NORMAL ID, and one for the WX ID. The configuration for this is based on your rpt.conf file setup. Here's an example:
[NODENUMBER]
idrecording = /usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SOUNDS/ID/RPTID
Pushover Integration
SkywarnPlus can use the free Pushover API to send WX alert notifications and debug messages directly to your smartphone or other devices.
- Visit https://pushover.net/ to sign up for a free account.
- Find your UserKey on your main dashboard
- Scroll down and create an Application/API key for your node
- Add UserKey & API Key to
config.yaml
SkyControl
SkywarnPlus comes with a powerful control script (SkyControl.py) that can be used to enable or disable certain SkywarnPlus functions via shell, without manually editing config.yaml. This script is particularly useful when you want to map DTMF control codes to these functions. An added advantage is that the script provides spoken feedback upon execution, making it even more suitable for DTMF control.
Usage
To use the SkyControl.py script, you need to call it with two parameters:
-
The name of the setting you want to change (case insensitive).
- Enable (Completely enable/disable SkywarnPlus)
- SayAlert
- SayAllClear
- TailMessage
- CourtesyTone
- IDChange
- AlertScript
-
The new value for the setting (either 'true' or 'false' or 'toggle').
For example, to completely disable SkywarnPlus, you would use:
/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py enable false
And to reenable it, you would use:
/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py enable true
And to toggle it, you would use:
/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py enable toggle
NOTE:
Running the Enable command after installing SkywarnPlus is not necessary. The enable flag is already set to true in the config.yaml file by default, and all you need to do for SkywarnPlus to operate is add it to the crontab.
You can also use SkyControl.py to manually force the state of Courtesy Tones or IDs:
/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py changect normal
/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py changect wx
/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py changeid normal
/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py changect wx
Spoken Feedback
Upon the successful execution of a control command, the SkyControl.py script will provide spoken feedback that corresponds to the change made. For instance, if you execute a command to enable the SayAlert function, the script will play an audio message stating that SayAlert has been enabled. This feature enhances user experience and confirms that the desired changes have been effected.
Mapping to DTMF Commands
You can map the SkyControl.py script to DTMF commands in the rpt.conf file of your node. Here is an example of how to do this:
; SkyControl DTMF Commands
831 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py enable toggle ; Toggles SkywarnPlus
832 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py sayalert toggle ; Toggles SayAlert
833 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py sayallclear toggle ; Toggles SayAllClear
834 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py tailmessage toggle ; Toggles TailMessage
835 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py courtesytone toggle ; Toggles CourtesyTone
836 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py alertscript toggle ; Toggles AlertScript
837 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py idchange toggle ; Toggles IDChange
838 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py changect normal ; Forces CT to "normal" mode
839 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyControl.py changeid normal ; Forces ID to "normal" mode
With this setup, you can control SkywarnPlus' functionality using DTMF commands.
AlertScript
SkywarnPlus's AlertScript feature is an immensely flexible tool that provides the ability to program your node to respond to specific alerts in unique ways. By enabling you to map alerts to DTMF commands or bash scripts, AlertScript offers you the versatility to design your own extensions to SkywarnPlus, modifying its functionalities to perfectly fit your needs.
With AlertScript, you can outline actions to be executed when specific alerts are activated. For instance, you might want to broadcast a unique sound, deliver a particular message, or initiate any other action your hardware can perform and that can be activated by a DTMF command or bash script.
Understanding AlertScript
To utilize AlertScript, you define the mapping of alerts to either DTMF commands or bash scripts in the config.yaml file under the AlertScript section.
Here are examples of how to map alerts to DTMF commands or bash scripts:
AlertScript:
# Completely enable/disable AlertScript
Enable: false
Mappings:
# Define the mapping of alerts to either DTMF commands or bash scripts here.
# Examples:
#
# This entry will execute the bash command 'asterisk -rx "rpt fun 1999 *123*456*789"'
# when the alerts "Tornado Warning" AND "Tornado Watch" are detected.
#
- Type: DTMF
Nodes:
- 1999
Commands:
- "*123*456*789"
Triggers:
- Tornado Warning
- Tornado Watch
Match: ALL
#
# This entry will execute the bash command '/home/repeater/testscript.sh'
# and the bash command '/home/repeater/saytime.sh' when an alert whose
# title ends with "Statement" is detected.
#
- Type: BASH
Commands:
- "/home/repeater/testscript.sh"
- "/home/repeater/saytime.sh"
Triggers:
- "*Statement"
#
# This entry will execute the bash command 'asterisk -rx "rpt fun 1998 *123*456*789"'
# and the bash command 'asterisk -rx "rpt fun 1999 *123*456*789"' when an alert
# titled "Tornado Warning" OR "Tornado Watch" is detected.
#
- Type: DTMF
Nodes:
- 1998
- 1999
Commands:
- "*123*456*789"
Triggers:
- Tornado Warning
- Tornado Watch
#
# This entry will execute the bash command 'asterisk -rx "rpt fun 1999 *123*456*789"'
# and the bash command 'asterisk -rx "rpt fun 1999 *987*654*321"'
# when an alert titled "Tornado Warning" OR "Tornado Watch" is detected.
#
- Type: DTMF
Nodes:
- 1999
Commands:
- "*123*456*789"
- "*987*654*321"
Triggers:
- Tornado Warning
- Tornado Watch
Match: ANY
#
# This is an example entry that will automatically execute SkyDescribe and
# announce the full details of a Tornado Warning when it is detected.
#
- Type: BASH
Commands:
- '/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py "Tornado Warning"'
Triggers:
- Tornado Warning
Matching
The Match: parameter tells AlertScript how to handle the triggers. If Match: ANY, then only 1 of the triggers needs to be matched for the command(s) to execute. If Match: ALL, then all of the triggers must be matched for the command(s) to execute. If Match: is not defined, then ANY is used by default.
The Power of YOU
AlertScript derives its power from its versatility and extensibility. By providing the capacity to directly interface with your node's functionality through DTMF commands or bash scripts, you can effectively program the node to do virtually anything in response to a specific weather alert.
Fancy activating a siren when a tornado warning is received? You can do that. Want to send an email notification when there's a severe thunderstorm warning? You can do that too. The only limit is the capability of your node and connected systems.
In essence, AlertScript unleashes a world of customization possibilities, empowering you to add new capabilities to SkywarnPlus, create your own extensions, and modify your setup to align with your specific requirements and preferences. By giving you the authority to dictate how your system should react to various weather alerts, AlertScript makes SkywarnPlus a truly powerful tool for managing weather alerts on your node.
SkyDescribe
SkyDescribe is a powerful and flexible tool that works in tandem with SkywarnPlus. It enables the system to provide a spoken detailed description of weather alerts, adding depth and clarity to the basic information broadcasted by default.
The SkyDescribe.py script works by fetching a specific alert from the stored data (maintained by SkywarnPlus) based on the title or index provided. The script then converts the description to audio using a free text-to-speech service and broadcasts it using Asterisk on the defined nodes.
Usage
To use SkyDescribe.py, you simply execute the script with the title or index of the alert you want to be described. The index of the alert is the place it holds in the alert announcement or tailmessage (depending on blocking sonfiguration).
For example, if SkywarnPlus announces "Tornado Warning, Tornado Watch, Severe Thunderstorm Warning", you could execute the following:
SkyDescribe.py 1 # Describe the 1st alert (Tornado Warning)
SkyDescribe.py 2 # Describe the 2nd alert (Tornado Watch)
SkyDescribe.py 3 # Describe the 3rd alert (Severe Thunderstorm Warning)
or, you can use the title of the alert instead of the index:
SkyDescribe.py "Tornado Warning"
SkyDescribe.py "Tornado Watch"
SkyDescribe.py "Severe Thunderstorm Warning"
Integration with AlertScript
SkyDescribe.py can be seamlessly integrated with AlertScript, enabling automatic detailed description announcements for specific alerts. This can be accomplished by mapping the alerts to a bash command that executes SkyDescribe.py with the alert title as a parameter.
Here's an example of how to achieve this in the config.yaml file:
AlertScript:
Enable: true
Mappings:
# This is an example entry that will automatically execute SkyDescribe and
# announce the full details of a Tornado Warning when it is detected.
- Type: BASH
Commands:
- "echo Tornado Warning detected!"
- '/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py "Tornado Warning"'
Triggers:
- Tornado Warning
Mapping to DTMF commands
For added flexibility, SkyDescribe.py can also be linked to DTMF commands, allowing alert descriptions to be requested over-the-air.
; SkyDescribe DTMF Commands
841 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py 1 ; SkyDescribe the 1st alert
842 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py 2 ; SkyDescribe the 2nd alert
843 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py 3 ; SkyDescribe the 3rd alert
844 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py 4 ; SkyDescribe the 4th alert
845 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py 5 ; SkyDescribe the 5th alert
846 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py 6 ; SkyDescribe the 6th alert
847 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py 7 ; SkyDescribe the 7th alert
848 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py 8 ; SkyDescribe the 8th alert
849 = cmd,/usr/local/bin/SkywarnPlus/SkyDescribe.py 9 ; SkyDescribe the 9th alert
NOTE:
If you have SkywarnPlus set up to monitor multiple counties, it will, by design, only store ONE instance of each alert type in order to prevent announcing duplicate messages. Because of this, if SkywarnPlus checks 3 different counties and finds a "Tornado Warning" in each one, only the first description will be saved. Thus, executing SkyControl.py "Tornado Warning" will broadcast the description of the "Tornado Warning" for the first county ONLY.
In most cases, any multiple counties that SkywarnPlus is set up to monitor will be adjacent to one another, and any duplicate alerts would actually be the same alert with the same description, so this wouldn't matter.
Customizing the Audio Files
SkywarnPlus comes with a library of audio files that can be replaced with any 8kHz mono PCM16 WAV files you want. These are found in the SOUNDS/ directory by default, along with DICTIONARY.txt which explains audio file assignments.
If you'd like to enable IDChange, you must create your own ID audio files. Follow this guide on how to create audio files for use with Asterisk/app_rpt.
Testing
SkywarnPlus provides the ability to inject predefined alerts, bypassing the call to the NWS API. This feature is extremely useful for testing SkywarnPlus.
To enable this option, modify the following settings in the [DEV] section of your config.yaml file:
# Enable test alert injection instead of calling the NWS API by setting 'INJECT' to 'True'.
INJECT: false
# List the test alerts to inject. Use a case-sensitive list. One alert per line for better readability.
INJECTALERTS:
- Tornado Warning
- Tornado Watch
- Severe Thunderstorm Warning
Debugging
Debugging is an essential part of diagnosing issues with SkywarnPlus. To facilitate this, SkywarnPlus provides a built-in debugging feature. Here's how to use it:
- Enable Debugging: The debugging feature can be enabled in the
config.yamlfile. Open this file and set thedebugoption under the[SkywarnPlus]section totrue.
Logging:
# Configuration for logging options.
# Enable verbose logging by setting 'Debug' to 'True'.
Debug: false
This will allow the program to output detailed information about its operations, which is helpful for identifying any issues or errors.
- Open an Asterisk Console: While debugging SkywarnPlus, it's helpful to have an Asterisk console open in a separate terminal window. This allows you to observe any issues related to Asterisk, such as problems playing audio files.
You can open an Asterisk console with the following command:
asterisk -rvvv
This command will launch an Asterisk console with a verbose output level of 3 (vvv), which provides a detailed look at what Asterisk is doing. This can be particularly useful if you're trying to debug issues with audio playback.
- Analyze Debugging Output: With debugging enabled in SkywarnPlus and the Asterisk console open, you can now run SkywarnPlus and observe the detailed output in both terminals. This information can be used to identify and troubleshoot any issues or unexpected behaviors.
Remember, the more detailed your debug output is, the easier it will be to spot any issues. However, please be aware that enabling debug mode can result in large amounts of output, so it should be used judiciously.
If you encounter any issues that you're unable to resolve, please don't hesitate to submit a detailed bug report on the SkywarnPlus GitHub Repository.
Maintenance and Bug Reporting
SkywarnPlus is actively maintained by a single individual who dedicates their spare time to improve and manage this project. Despite best efforts, the application may have some bugs or areas for improvement.
If you encounter any issues with SkywarnPlus, please check back to the SkywarnPlus GitHub Repository to see if there have been any updates or fixes since the last time you downloaded it. New commits are made regularly to enhance the system's performance and rectify any known issues.
Bug reporting is greatly appreciated as it helps to improve SkywarnPlus. If you spot a bug, please raise an issue in the GitHub repository detailing the problem. Include as much information as possible, such as error messages, screenshots, and steps to reproduce the issue. This will assist in quickly understanding and resolving the issue.
Thank you for your understanding and assistance in making SkywarnPlus a more robust and reliable system for all.
Contributing
SkywarnPlus is open-source and welcomes contributions. If you'd like to contribute, please fork the repository and use a feature branch. Pull requests are warmly welcome.
If the spare time I put into the development of SkywarnPlus has helped you, please consider supporting!
License
SkywarnPlus is open-sourced software licensed under the MIT license.
Created by Mason Nelson (N5LSN/WRKF394)
Audio Library voiced by Rachel Nelson
Skywarn® and the Skywarn® logo are registered trademarks of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, used with permission.
